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stability of carbocations and free radicals

Organic Chemistry

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Chemistry310 competencies

NEET26-CHEM-U1-01 Matter and its nature
NEET26-CHEM-U1-02 Dalton's atomic theory
NEET26-CHEM-U1-03 Concept of atom
NEET26-CHEM-U1-04 Concept of molecule
NEET26-CHEM-U1-05 Concept of element
NEET26-CHEM-U1-06 Concept of compound
NEET26-CHEM-U1-07 Laws of chemical combination
NEET26-CHEM-U1-08 Atomic and molecular masses
NEET26-CHEM-U1-09 Mole concept
NEET26-CHEM-U1-10 Molar mass
NEET26-CHEM-U1-11 Percentage composition
NEET26-CHEM-U1-12 Empirical and molecular formulae
NEET26-CHEM-U1-13 Chemical equations and stoichiometry
NEET26-CHE-U2-304 Nature of electromagnetic radiation
NEET26-CHE-U2-305 photoelectric effect
NEET26-CHE-U2-306 Spectrum of the hydrogen atom
NEET26-CHE-U2-307 Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates
NEET26-CHE-U2-308 derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits
NEET26-CHE-U2-309 limitations of Bohr's model
NEET26-CHE-U2-310 Dual nature of matter
NEET26-CHE-U2-311 de Broglie's relationship
NEET26-CHE-U2-312 Heisenberg uncertainty principle
NEET26-CHE-U2-313 Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics
NEET26-CHE-U2-314 quantum mechanics
NEET26-CHE-U2-315 the quantum mechanical model of the atom
NEET26-CHE-U2-316 its important features
NEET26-CHE-U2-317 Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of  and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
NEET26-CHE-U2-318 various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance
NEET26-CHE-U2-319 shapes of s
NEET26-CHE-U2-320 and d - orbitals
NEET26-CHE-U2-321 electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle
NEET26-CHE-U2-322 Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule
NEET26-CHE-U2-323 electronic configuration of elements
NEET26-CHE-U2-324 extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals
NEET26-CHE-U3-325 Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation
NEET26-CHE-U3-326 the concept of ionic and covalent bonds
NEET26-CHE-U3-327 Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds
NEET26-CHE-U3-328 factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds
NEET26-CHE-U3-329 calculation of lattice enthalpy
NEET26-CHE-U3-330 Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity
NEET26-CHE-U3-331 Fajan’s rule
NEET26-CHE-U3-332 dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules
NEET26-CHE-U3-333 Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features
NEET26-CHE-U3-334 the concept of hybridization involving s
NEET26-CHE-U3-335 and d orbitals
NEET26-CHE-U3-336 Resonance
NEET26-CHE-U3-337 Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features
NEET26-CHE-U3-338 LCAOs
NEET26-CHE-U3-339 types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding)
NEET26-CHE-U3-340 sigma and pi-bonds
NEET26-CHE-U3-341 molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules
NEET26-CHE-U3-342 the concept of bond order
NEET26-CHE-U3-343 bond length
NEET26-CHE-U3-344 and bond energy
NEET26-CHE-U3-345 Elementary idea of metallic bonding
NEET26-CHE-U3-346 Hydrogen bonding and its applications
NEET26-CHE-U4-347 Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings
NEET26-CHE-U4-348 extensive and intensive properties
NEET26-CHE-U4-349 state functions
NEET26-CHE-U4-350 types of processes
NEET26-CHE-U4-351 The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work
NEET26-CHE-U4-352 heat internal energy and enthalpy
NEET26-CHE-U4-353 heat capacity
NEET26-CHE-U4-354 molar heat capacity
NEET26-CHE-U4-355 Hess’s law of constant heat summation
NEET26-CHE-U4-361 combustion
NEET26-CHE-U4-362 formation
NEET26-CHE-U4-363 atomization
NEET26-CHE-U4-364 sublimation
NEET26-CHE-U4-365 phase transition
NEET26-CHE-U4-366 hydration
NEET26-CHE-U4-367 ionization
NEET26-CHE-U4-368 and solution
NEET26-CHE-U4-369 The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes
NEET26-CHE-U4-370 S of the universe and G of the system as criteria for spontaneity. G (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant
NEET26-CHE-U5-371 Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality
NEET26-CHE-U5-372 molarity
NEET26-CHE-U5-373 mole fraction
NEET26-CHE-U5-374 percentage (by volume and mass both)
NEET26-CHE-U5-375 the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions
NEET26-CHE-U5-376 vapour pressure - composition
NEET26-CHE-U5-377 plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions
NEET26-CHE-U5-378 Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure
NEET26-CHE-U5-379 depression of freezing point
NEET26-CHE-U5-380 the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
NEET26-CHE-U5-381 Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties
NEET26-CHE-U5-382 Abnormal value of molar mass
NEET26-CHE-U5-383 van’t Hoff factor and its significance
NEET26-CHE-U6-384 Meaning of equilibrium
NEET26-CHE-U6-385 the concept of dynamic equilibrium
NEET26-CHE-U6-386 Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid
NEET26-CHE-U6-387 liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria
NEET26-CHE-U6-388 Henry's law
NEET26-CHE-U6-389 General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes
NEET26-CHE-U6-390 Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium
NEET26-CHE-U6-391 equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance
NEET26-CHE-U6-392 the significance of G and G in chemical equilibrium
NEET26-CHE-U6-393 factors affecting equilibrium concentration
NEET26-CHE-U6-394 pressure
NEET26-CHE-U6-395 temperature
NEET26-CHE-U6-396 the effect of catalyst
NEET26-CHE-U6-397 Le Chatelier’s principle
NEET26-CHE-U6-398 Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes
NEET26-CHE-U6-399 ionization of electrolytes
NEET26-CHE-U6-400 various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius
NEET26-CHE-U6-401 Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization
NEET26-CHE-U6-402 acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants
NEET26-CHE-U6-403 ionization of water. pH scale
NEET26-CHE-U6-404 common ion effect
NEET26-CHE-U6-405 hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions
NEET26-CHE-U6-406 the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products
NEET26-CHE-U6-407 buffer solutions
NEET26-CHE-U7-408 Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction
NEET26-CHE-U7-409 redox reactions
NEET26-CHE-U7-410 oxidation number
NEET26-CHE-U7-411 rules for assigning oxidation number
NEET26-CHE-U7-412 balancing of redox reactions
NEET26-CHE-U7-413 Electrolytic and metallic conduction
NEET26-CHE-U7-414 conductance in electrolytic solutions
NEET26-CHE-U7-415 molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
NEET26-CHE-U7-416 Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells
NEET26-CHE-U7-417 different types of electrodes
NEET26-CHE-U7-418 electrode potentials including standard electrode potential
NEET26-CHE-U7-419 half - cell and cell reactions
NEET26-CHE-U7-420 emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications
NEET26-CHE-U7-421 Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator
NEET26-CHE-U7-422 Fuel cells
NEET26-CHE-U8-423 Rate of a chemical reaction
NEET26-CHE-U8-424 factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration
NEET26-CHE-U8-425 temperature
NEET26-CHE-U8-426 pressure
NEET26-CHE-U8-427 and catalyst
NEET26-CHE-U8-428 elementary and complex reactions
NEET26-CHE-U8-429 order and molecularity of reactions
NEET26-CHE-U8-430 rate law
NEET26-CHE-U8-431 rate constant and its units
NEET26-CHE-U8-437 their characteristics and half-lives
NEET26-CHE-U8-438 the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions
NEET26-CHE-U8-439 Arrhenius theory
NEET26-CHE-U8-440 activation energy and its calculation
NEET26-CHE-U8-441 collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)
NEET26-CHE-U9-442 Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table
NEET26-CHE-U9-443 p. d and f block elements
NEET26-CHE-U9-444 periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii
NEET26-CHE-U9-445 ionization enthalpy
NEET26-CHE-U9-446 electron gain enthalpy
NEET26-CHE-U9-447 valence
NEET26-CHE-U9-448 oxidation states
NEET26-CHE-U9-449 and chemical reactivity
NEET26-CHE-U10-450 Group -13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups
NEET26-CHE-U10-451 unique behaviour of the first element in each group
NEET26-CHE-U11-452 Transition Elements General introduction
NEET26-CHE-U11-453 electronic configuration
NEET26-CHE-U11-454 occurrence and characteristics
NEET26-CHE-U11-455 general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties
NEET26-CHE-U11-456 ionization enthalpy
NEET26-CHE-U11-457 oxidation states
NEET26-CHE-U11-458 atomic radii
NEET26-CHE-U11-459 colour
NEET26-CHE-U11-460 catalytic behaviour
NEET26-CHE-U11-461 magnetic properties
NEET26-CHE-U11-462 complex formation
NEET26-CHE-U11-463 interstitial compounds
NEET26-CHE-U11-464 alloy formation
NEET26-CHE-U11-465-468 Preparation uses and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KmnO4
NEET26-CHE-U11-469 Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration
NEET26-CHE-U11-470 and lanthanoid contraction
NEET26-CHE-U11-471 Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states
NEET26-CHE-U12-472 Introduction to coordination compounds
NEET26-CHE-U12-473 Werner's theory
NEET26-CHE-U12-474 ligands
NEET26-CHE-U12-475 coordination number
NEET26-CHE-U12-476 denticity. chelation
NEET26-CHE-U12-477 IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds
NEET26-CHE-U12-478 isomerism
NEET26-CHE-U12-479 Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory
NEET26-CHE-U12-480 colour and magnetic properties
NEET26-CHE-U12-481 Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)
NEET26-CHE-U13-482 Purification - Crystallization
NEET26-CHE-U13-483 sublimation
NEET26-CHE-U13-484 distillation
NEET26-CHE-U13-485 differential extraction
NEET26-CHE-U13-486 and chromatography - principles and their applications
NEET26-CHE-U13-487 Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen
NEET26-CHE-U13-488, 503 sulphur
NEET26-CHE-U13-489 phosphorus
NEET26-CHE-U13-490,498 and halogens
NEET26-CHE-U13-496 hydrogen
NEET26-CHE-U13-497 nitrogen
NEET26-CHE-U13-499 Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis
NEET26-CHE-U14-500 Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens
NEET26-CHE-U14-501 oxygen
NEET26-CHE-U14-502 nitrogen
NEET26-CHE-U14-504 Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism
NEET26-CHE-U14-505 Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals
NEET26-CHE-U14-506 carbocations
NEET26-CHE-U14-507 and carbanions
NEET26-CHE-U14-508 stability of carbocations and free radicals
NEET26-CHE-U14-509 electrophiles
NEET26-CHE-U14-510 and nucleophiles
NEET26-CHE-U14-511 Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation
NEET26-CHE-U14-515-518 Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement
NEET26-CHE-U14-516 addition
NEET26-CHE-U14-517 elimination
NEET26-CHE-U14-518 and rearrangement
NEET26-CHE-U15-519 Classification
NEET26-CHE-U15-520 isomerism
NEET26-CHE-U15-521 IUPAC nomenclature
NEET26-CHE-U15-522 general methods of preparation
NEET26-CHE-U15-523 properties
NEET26-CHE-U15-524 and reactions
NEET26-CHE-U15-525 Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
NEET26-CHE-U15-526 Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen
NEET26-CHE-U15-527 halogens
NEET26-CHE-U15-528 water
NEET26-CHE-U15-529 hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization
NEET26-CHE-U15-530 Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen
NEET26-CHE-U15-531 and hydrogen halides: Polymerization
NEET26-CHE-U15-532 Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature
NEET26-CHE-U15-533 benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation
NEET26-CHE-U15-534 nitration
NEET26-CHE-U15-535 Friedel - Craft's alkylation and acylation
NEET26-CHE-U15-536 directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted benzene
NEET26-CHE-U16-537 General methods of preparation
NEET26-CHE-U16-538 properties
NEET26-CHE-U16-540 Nature of C-X bond
NEET26-CHE-U16-541 Mechanisms of substitution reactions
NEET26-CHE-U16-542 Uses
NEET26-CHE-U16-543 Environmental effects of chloroform
NEET26-CHE-U16-544 iodoform freons
NEET26-CHE-U16-545 and DDT
NEET26-CHE-U17-546 General methods of preparation
NEET26-CHE-U17-547 Properties reactions and uses
NEET26-CHE-U17-550 ALCOHOLS
NEET26-CHE-U17-551 PHENOLS
NEET26-CHE-U17-557 secondary
NEET26-CHE-U17-558 and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration
NEET26-CHE-U17-559 Phenols: Acidic nature
NEET26-CHE-U17-560 electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation
NEET26-CHE-U17-561 Reimer - Tiemann reaction
NEET26-CHE-U17-562 Ethers: Structure
NEET26-CHE-U17-563 Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group
NEET26-CHE-U17-564 Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group
NEET26-CHE-U17-565 relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones
NEET26-CHE-U17-566 Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN
NEET26-CHE-U17-567 NH3, and its derivatives)
NEET26-CHE-U17-568 Grignard reagent
NEET26-CHE-U17-569 oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen)
NEET26-CHE-U17-570 the acidity of -hydrogen. aldol condensation
NEET26-CHE-U17-571 Cannizzaro reaction
NEET26-CHE-U17-572 Haloform reaction
NEET26-CHE-U17-573 Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones
NEET26-CHE-U17-574 Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it
NEET26-CHE-U18-575 General methods of preparation
NEET26-CHE-U18-576 Properties reactions and uses
NEET26-CHE-U18-579 Amines: Nomenclature
NEET26-CHE-U18-580 classification structure
NEET26-CHE-U18-581 basic character
NEET26-CHE-U18-582 and identification of primary
NEET26-CHE-U18-584 secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character
NEET26-CHE-U18-585 Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry
NEET26-CHE-U19-586 General introduction and importance of biomolecules
NEET26-CHE-U19-587 CARBOHYDRATES - Classification
NEET26-CHE-U19-588 aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
NEET26-CHE-U19-589 PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of -amino acids
NEET26-CHE-U19-590 peptide bond
NEET26-CHE-U19-591 polypeptides
NEET26-CHE-U19-592 Proteins: primary
NEET26-CHE-U19-594 SECONDARY TERTIARY
NEET26-CHE-U19-595 and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only)
NEET26-CHE-U19-596 denaturation of proteins
NEET26-CHE-U19-597 enzymes
NEET26-CHE-U19-598 VITAMINS – Classification and functions
NEET26-CHE-U19-599 NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
NEET26-CHE-U19-600 Biological functions of nucleic acids
NEET26-CHE-U19-601 Hormones (General introduction)
NEET26-CHE-U20-602 Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds
NEET26-CHE-U20-603 Detection of the following functional groups
NEET26-CHE-U20-604 hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic)
NEET26-CHE-U20-605 carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl
NEET26-CHE-U20-606 and amino groups in organic compounds.  The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds
NEET26-CHE-U20-607 Mohr’s salt
NEET26-CHE-U20-608 potash alum
NEET26-CHE-U20-609 Organic compounds: Acetanilide
NEET26-CHE-U20-610 p-nitro acetanilide
NEET26-CHE-U20-611 aniline yellow
NEET26-CHE-U20-612 iodoform
NEET26-CHE-U20-618 bases and the use of indicators
NEET26-CHE-U20-619 oxalic- acid vs KMnO4
NEET26-CHE-U20-620 Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4  Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations – Pb2+
NEET26-CHE-U20-621 Cu2+
NEET26-CHE-U20-622 Al3+
NEET26-CHE-U20-623 Fe3+
NEET26-CHE-U20-624 Zn2+
NEET26-CHE-U20-625 Ni2+
NEET26-CHE-U20-626 Ca2+
NEET26-CHE-U20-627 Ba2+
NEET26-CHE-U20-628 Mg2+
NEET26-CHE-U20-629 NH+4 Anions- CO2−
NEET26-CHE-U20-630 S2-
NEET26-CHE-U20-631 SO2−
NEET26-CHE-U20-632 NO3-
NEET26-CHE-U20-633 NO2-
NEET26-CHE-U20-634 Cl-
NEET26-CHE-U20-635 Br-
NEET26-CHE-U20-636 I- ( Insoluble salts excluded). 3 4 Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: 1
NEET26-CHE-U20-637 Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4 2
NEET26-CHE-U20-638 Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base. 3
NEET26-CHE-U20-639 Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols. 4
NEET26-CHE-U20-640 Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature

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