PY
Physiology
136 competencies
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- PY1.1Describe and discuss various transport mechanisms across cell membranes
- PY1.2Describe the fluid compartments of the body, its ionic composition & measurement methods
- PY1.3Describe the concept of pH & Buffer systems in the body
- PY1.4Describe the molecular basis of resting membrane potential (RMP) and generation of action potential in a nerve fibre
- PY1.5Describe the composition and functions of blood and its components
- PY1.6Discuss the origin, forms, variations and functions of plasma proteins and its clinical implications
- PY1.7Describe the physiological structure, synthesis, functions and breakdown of Hemoglobin. Discuss its variants and clinical significance.
- PY2.1Describe Erythropoiesis & discuss its regulation in physiological and pathological situations
- PY2.2Describe anaemias, polycythemia & jaundice and discuss its physiological principles of management
- PY2.3Describe the formation of WBC (Leucopoiesis), structure and function of various WBC types and their regulatory mechanisms
- PY2.4Discuss 'Immunity' in terms of its types, development, regulation and physiological significance
- PY2.5Describe the formation of platelets (thrombopoiesis), structure, functions and variations.
- PY2.6Describe hemostasis, coagulation pathways, mechanism of action of anticoagulants and briefly discuss pathophysiological aspects of bleeding & clotting disorders (e.g. hemophilia, purpura)
- PY2.7Discuss types of blood groups, clinical importance of blood grouping, blood banking and transfusion
- PY2.8Estimate Hb, RBC, TLC, DLC, Blood groups, BT/CT, RBC indices
- PY2.9Describe the test to measure Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Osmotic fragility, Hematocrit, and interpret its findings
- PY2.10Describe steps for reticulocyte and platelet count
- PY2.11Describe the structure and functions of a neuron and neuroglia; Discuss nerve growth factors
- PY2.12Describe the types, functions, properties of nerve fibers including strength duration curve, chronaxie and rheobase
- PY2.13Classify nerve injury and discuss the mechanism of degeneration and regeneration in peripheral nerves
- PY3.1Describe the microscopic structure of neuro-muscular junction (NMJ) and mechanism of neuromuscular transmission
- PY3.2Discuss the applied aspects of neuromuscular junction: myasthenia gravis, Lambert Eaton syndrome and neuromuscular blocking agents.
- PY3.3Describe the different types of muscle fibres, their structure and physiological basis of action potential
- PY3.4Describe properties, action potential and molecular basis of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle
- PY3.5Describe properties, action potential and molecular basis of muscle contraction in smooth muscle
- PY3.6Describe the mode of muscle contraction (isometric and isotonic), energy source, muscle metabolism and gradation of muscular activity
- PY3.7Enumerate and briefly discuss myopathies
- PY3.8Perform Ergography and calculate the work done by a skeletal muscle
- PY3.9Observe with Computer assisted learning (i) Amphibian nerve-muscle experiments (ii) Amphibian cardiac experiments
- PY3.10Describe the functional anatomy of digestive system
- PY3.11Enumerate various Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, discuss their functions and regulation
- PY3.12Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of saliva
- PY4.1Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of gastric juice. Discuss various gastric function tests
- PY4.2Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of pancreatic juice including various pancreatic exocrine function tests
- PY4.3Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of intestinal juices
- PY4.4Describe the physiology of digestion and absorption of nutrients
- PY4.5Describe GIT movements, its regulation and physiological significance including defecation reflex and the role of dietary fibres
- PY4.6Describe the structure, functions and secretion of liver and gallbladder with elaboration of various liver function tests
- PY4.7Describe the Gut-Brain Axis and its physiological significance
- PY4.8Discuss (in brief) the applied physiology of GIT viz. Peptic ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, Adynamic ileus, Hirschsprung's disease
- PY4.9Obtain relevant history and conduct correct General and Clinical examination of the abdomen in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
- PY4.10Describe the functional anatomy of heart including chambers and coronary circulation
- PY4.11Describe the properties of cardiac muscle including its morphology, electrical, mechanical and metabolic functions
- PY4.12Describe generation and conduction of cardiac impulse along with the conduction pathway (including pacemaker potential).
- PY5.1Discuss the physiological events occurring during the cardiac cycle, concurrent pressure volume changes, generation of heart sounds and murmur
- PY5.2Describe the physiology of electrocardiogram (E.C.G), the cardiac axis and its applications
- PY5.3Discuss physiological variations in ECG waveforms, abnormal waveforms and intervals, arrhythmias, heart blocks and myocardial Infarction
- PY5.4Discuss haemodynamics of circulatory system
- PY5.5Describe and discuss local and systemic cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms
- PY5.6Describe heart rate, factors affecting heart rate, and its regulation
- PY5.7Describe cardiac output, factors affecting cardiac output and its regulation.
- PY5.8Describe blood pressure, factors affecting blood pressure and its regulation
- PY5.9Describe & discuss regional circulation including microcirculation, lymphatic circulation, cerebral, capillary, skin, foetal, pulmonary and splanchnic circulation
- PY5.10Describe the patho-physiology of shock, syncope, heart failure with physiological basis of its management
- PY5.11Record blood pressure & pulse at rest and in different grades of exercise and postures in a volunteer or simulated environment
- PY5.12Record and interpret normal ECG in a volunteer or simulated environment
- PY5.13Obtain relevant history and conduct General and Clinical examination of the cardiovascular system in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
- PY5.14Describe the functional anatomy of respiratory tract and non-respiratory functions of lungs
- PY5.15Describe the mechanics of normal respiration, pressure changes during ventilation, lung volume and capacities (Static and Dynamic)
- PY5.16Describe the alveolar surface tension, compliance, airway resistance, ventilation, V/P ratio, diffusion capacity of lungs
- PY6.1Discuss the transport of respiratory gases viz Oxygen and Carbon dioxide across lungs and whole body
- PY6.2Describe the chemoreceptors (peripheral and central) and neural centres of respiration including chemical and neural regulation of respiration
- PY6.3Describe and discuss the pathophysiology of dyspnoea, hypoxia, cyanosis, asphyxia, drowning, periodic breathing and oxygen therapy
- PY6.4Discuss various lung function tests and their clinical significance in obstructive and restrictive lung diseases
- PY6.5Discuss the physiology of high altitude and acclimatization
- PY6.6Discuss the physiology of deep sea diving and decompression sickness
- PY6.7Perform Spirometry and interpret the findings (Digital / Manual)
- PY6.8Describe principles and methods of artificial respiration
- PY6.9Obtain relevant history and conduct correct General and Clinical examination of the respiratory system in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
- PY6.10Demonstrate the correct technique to perform measurement of peak expiratory flow rate in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
- PY6.11Describe the functional anatomy of kidney and non-excretory functions of kidney
- PY6.12Describe the structure and functions of juxta glomerular apparatus and role of renin-angiotensin system
- PY6.13Describe the mechanism of urine formation involving processes of filtration (Glomerular filtration), tubular reabsorption & secretion.
- PY7.1Describe the mechanism of urine concentration and dilution (Counter current Multiplier & Exchanger)
- PY7.2Describe the renal regulation of fluid and electrolytes & acid-base balance
- PY7.3Describe the innervations of urinary bladder, physiology of micturition and its abnormalities
- PY7.4Describe cystometry and discuss the normal cystometrogram
- PY7.5Discuss various Renal Function Tests with its physiological significance and clinical implication of Renal clearance
- PY7.6Discuss the role of artificial kidneys, dialysis and indications of renal transplant
- PY7.7Describe the functional anatomy of endocrine glands, mechanism of hormonal action (steroid and peptide) and hypothalamus pituitary axis (HPA)
- PY7.8Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of pituitary gland
- PY7.9Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of thyroid gland including thyroid function tests
- PY8.1Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of adrenal gland and its function tests
- PY8.2Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of parathyroid gland with emphasis of physiology of bone and calcium metabolism
- PY8.3Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of pancreatic gland including pancreatic function tests
- PY8.4Describe the physiology of Thymus & Pineal Gland
- PY8.5Explain sex determination, sex differentiation and their abnormalities and discuss the effects of removal of gonads on physiological functions
- PY8.6Describe and discuss puberty: onset, progression, stages; early and delayed puberty.
- PY8.7Describe the functional anatomy of male reproductive system, functions of testis, spermatogenesis and discuss the functions and regulations of testosterone hormone
- PY9.1Describe the functional anatomy of female reproductive system: functions of ovary and its hormones (estrogen and progesterone); hormonal regulation by hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis
- PY9.2Discuss the menstrual cycle, uterine and ovarian changes, hormonal regulation and its implications in reproductive physiology
- PY9.3Enumerate male and female contraceptive methods, rationale of its prescription, side effects and its advantages & disadvantages
- PY9.4Discuss the physiology of pregnancy, parturition & lactation.
- PY9.5Discuss the physiological basis of various pregnancy tests
- PY9.6Discuss the hormonal changes and their effects during perimenopause and menopause
- PY9.7Discuss the common causes of infertility in a couple and role of IVF in managing a case of infertility
- PY9.8Describe and discuss the functional organization of central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
- PY9.9Describe the functional anatomy of peripheral nervous system (including autonomic nervous system)
- PY9.10Classify the neurotransmitters and discuss the chemical transmission in the nervous system.
- PY10.1Discuss the classification, functions and properties of synapse
- PY10.2Discuss the classification, functions and properties of reflex
- PY10.3Discuss the classification, functions and properties of receptors
- PY10.4Discuss somatic sensations, ascending tracts (sensory tracts) and applied aspects of sensory system
- PY10.5Discuss Physiology of pain including pain pathways and its modulation with special emphasis on gate control theory of pain
- PY10.6Describe the course of descending tracts (pyramidal and extra pyramidal), its clinical implications including difference in Upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions
- PY10.7Discuss types and clinical features of spinal cord lesions (complete, incomplete transection and hemisection - Brown Sequard syndrome)
- PY10.8Describe functional anatomy of cerebellum, its connections, functions and clinical abnormalities.
- PY10.9Discuss functional anatomy of basal ganglia, its connections, functions and clinical abnormalities.
- PY10.10Discuss the mechanism of maintenance of tone, posture and control of body movements
- PY10.11Discuss functional anatomy of thalamus, its connections, functions and clinical abnormalities.
- PY10.12Discuss functional anatomy of hypothalamus and limbic system, its connections, functions and clinical abnormalities.
- PY10.13Discuss functional anatomy of cerebral cortex, its connections, functions and clinical abnormalities
- PY10.14Discuss the structure and functions of reticular activating system, sleep physiology and EEG waveforms during sleep wake cycle
- PY10.15Discuss the physiological basis of memory, learning and speech and clinical alterations in speech
- PY10.16Obtain relevant history and conduct correct General and Clinical examination of the nervous system: Higher functions, sensory system, motor system, reflexes in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
- PY10.17Obtain relevant history and conduct correct General and Clinical examination of the cranial nerves in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
- PY10.18Describe and discuss physiology of smell and its applied aspects
- PY10.19Describe and discuss physiology of taste sensation and applied aspects
- PY10.20Describe and discuss functional anatomy of ear and auditory pathways, vestibular apparatus and equilibrium
- PY11.1Discuss physiology of hearing, pathophysiology of deafness and hearing tests
- PY11.2Discuss functional anatomy of eye, visual pathway, light and pupillary reflex and clinical implication of lesions in visual pathway
- PY11.3Discuss physiology of image formation, refractive errors and physiological principles of its management
- PY11.4Discuss physiology of vision including colour vision and colour blindness
- PY11.5Describe physiological mechanism of temperature regulation
- PY11.6Discuss adaptation to altered temperature (heat and cold) and mechanism of fever, cold injuries and heat stroke
- PY11.7Discuss cardio-respiratory and metabolic adjustments during exercise (isometric and isotonic), effects of physical training under different environmental conditions (heat and cold)
- PY12.1Discuss physiological consequences of sedentary lifestyle; metabolic and endocrinal consequences of obesity & metabolic syndrome.
- PY12.2Describe physiology of Infancy, Interpret growth charts and anthropometric assessment of infants
- PY12.3Describe and discuss physiology of aging, role of free radicals and antioxidants
- PY12.4Discuss the concept, criteria for diagnosis of Brain death and its implications
- PY12.5Discuss the physiology of yoga and meditation
- PY12.6Obtain history and perform general examination in the volunteer / simulated environment
- PY12.7Demonstrate Basic Life Support in a simulated environment
- PY12.8Describe the molecular and functional organization of a cell and its sub-cellular components and composition and functions of Biological membranes.
- PY12.9Explain fundamental concepts of enzyme, isoenzyme and coenzyme. Enumerate the main classes of IUBMB nomenclature.
- PY12.10Describe and explain the basic principles of enzyme activity
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