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MBBS/ Physiology/PY4.6

PY4.6

Describe the structure, functions and secretion of liver and gallbladder with elaboration of various liver function tests

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Physiology136 competencies

PY1.1 Describe and discuss various transport mechanisms across cell membranes
PY1.2 Describe the fluid compartments of the body, its ionic composition & measurement methods
PY1.3 Describe the concept of pH & Buffer systems in the body
PY1.4 Describe the molecular basis of resting membrane potential (RMP) and generation of action potential in a nerve fibre
PY1.5 Describe the composition and functions of blood and its components
PY1.6 Discuss the origin, forms, variations and functions of plasma proteins and its clinical implications
PY1.7 Describe the physiological structure, synthesis, functions and breakdown of Hemoglobin. Discuss its variants and clinical significance.
PY2.1 Describe Erythropoiesis & discuss its regulation in physiological and pathological situations
PY2.2 Describe anaemias, polycythemia & jaundice and discuss its physiological principles of management
PY2.3 Describe the formation of WBC (Leucopoiesis), structure and function of various WBC types and their regulatory mechanisms
PY2.4 Discuss 'Immunity' in terms of its types, development, regulation and physiological significance
PY2.5 Describe the formation of platelets (thrombopoiesis), structure, functions and variations.
PY2.6 Describe hemostasis, coagulation pathways, mechanism of action of anticoagulants and briefly discuss pathophysiological aspects of bleeding & clotting disorders (e.g. hemophilia, purpura)
PY2.7 Discuss types of blood groups, clinical importance of blood grouping, blood banking and transfusion
PY2.8 Estimate Hb, RBC, TLC, DLC, Blood groups, BT/CT, RBC indices
PY2.9 Describe the test to measure Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Osmotic fragility, Hematocrit, and interpret its findings
PY2.10 Describe steps for reticulocyte and platelet count
PY2.11 Describe the structure and functions of a neuron and neuroglia; Discuss nerve growth factors
PY2.12 Describe the types, functions, properties of nerve fibers including strength duration curve, chronaxie and rheobase
PY2.13 Classify nerve injury and discuss the mechanism of degeneration and regeneration in peripheral nerves
PY3.1 Describe the microscopic structure of neuro-muscular junction (NMJ) and mechanism of neuromuscular transmission
PY3.2 Discuss the applied aspects of neuromuscular junction: myasthenia gravis, Lambert Eaton syndrome and neuromuscular blocking agents.
PY3.3 Describe the different types of muscle fibres, their structure and physiological basis of action potential
PY3.4 Describe properties, action potential and molecular basis of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle
PY3.5 Describe properties, action potential and molecular basis of muscle contraction in smooth muscle
PY3.6 Describe the mode of muscle contraction (isometric and isotonic), energy source, muscle metabolism and gradation of muscular activity
PY3.7 Enumerate and briefly discuss myopathies
PY3.8 Perform Ergography and calculate the work done by a skeletal muscle
PY3.9 Observe with Computer assisted learning (i) Amphibian nerve-muscle experiments (ii) Amphibian cardiac experiments
PY3.10 Describe the functional anatomy of digestive system
PY3.11 Enumerate various Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, discuss their functions and regulation
PY3.12 Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of saliva
PY4.1 Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of gastric juice. Discuss various gastric function tests
PY4.2 Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of pancreatic juice including various pancreatic exocrine function tests
PY4.3 Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of intestinal juices
PY4.4 Describe the physiology of digestion and absorption of nutrients
PY4.5 Describe GIT movements, its regulation and physiological significance including defecation reflex and the role of dietary fibres
PY4.6 Describe the structure, functions and secretion of liver and gallbladder with elaboration of various liver function tests
PY4.7 Describe the Gut-Brain Axis and its physiological significance
PY4.8 Discuss (in brief) the applied physiology of GIT viz. Peptic ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, Adynamic ileus, Hirschsprung's disease
PY4.9 Obtain relevant history and conduct correct General and Clinical examination of the abdomen in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
PY4.10 Describe the functional anatomy of heart including chambers and coronary circulation
PY4.11 Describe the properties of cardiac muscle including its morphology, electrical, mechanical and metabolic functions
PY4.12 Describe generation and conduction of cardiac impulse along with the conduction pathway (including pacemaker potential).
PY5.1 Discuss the physiological events occurring during the cardiac cycle, concurrent pressure volume changes, generation of heart sounds and murmur
PY5.2 Describe the physiology of electrocardiogram (E.C.G), the cardiac axis and its applications
PY5.3 Discuss physiological variations in ECG waveforms, abnormal waveforms and intervals, arrhythmias, heart blocks and myocardial Infarction
PY5.4 Discuss haemodynamics of circulatory system
PY5.5 Describe and discuss local and systemic cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms
PY5.6 Describe heart rate, factors affecting heart rate, and its regulation
PY5.7 Describe cardiac output, factors affecting cardiac output and its regulation.
PY5.8 Describe blood pressure, factors affecting blood pressure and its regulation
PY5.9 Describe & discuss regional circulation including microcirculation, lymphatic circulation, cerebral, capillary, skin, foetal, pulmonary and splanchnic circulation
PY5.10 Describe the patho-physiology of shock, syncope, heart failure with physiological basis of its management
PY5.11 Record blood pressure & pulse at rest and in different grades of exercise and postures in a volunteer or simulated environment
PY5.12 Record and interpret normal ECG in a volunteer or simulated environment
PY5.13 Obtain relevant history and conduct General and Clinical examination of the cardiovascular system in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
PY5.14 Describe the functional anatomy of respiratory tract and non-respiratory functions of lungs
PY5.15 Describe the mechanics of normal respiration, pressure changes during ventilation, lung volume and capacities (Static and Dynamic)
PY5.16 Describe the alveolar surface tension, compliance, airway resistance, ventilation, V/P ratio, diffusion capacity of lungs
PY6.1 Discuss the transport of respiratory gases viz Oxygen and Carbon dioxide across lungs and whole body
PY6.2 Describe the chemoreceptors (peripheral and central) and neural centres of respiration including chemical and neural regulation of respiration
PY6.3 Describe and discuss the pathophysiology of dyspnoea, hypoxia, cyanosis, asphyxia, drowning, periodic breathing and oxygen therapy
PY6.4 Discuss various lung function tests and their clinical significance in obstructive and restrictive lung diseases
PY6.5 Discuss the physiology of high altitude and acclimatization
PY6.6 Discuss the physiology of deep sea diving and decompression sickness
PY6.7 Perform Spirometry and interpret the findings (Digital / Manual)
PY6.8 Describe principles and methods of artificial respiration
PY6.9 Obtain relevant history and conduct correct General and Clinical examination of the respiratory system in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
PY6.10 Demonstrate the correct technique to perform measurement of peak expiratory flow rate in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
PY6.11 Describe the functional anatomy of kidney and non-excretory functions of kidney
PY6.12 Describe the structure and functions of juxta glomerular apparatus and role of renin-angiotensin system
PY6.13 Describe the mechanism of urine formation involving processes of filtration (Glomerular filtration), tubular reabsorption & secretion.
PY7.1 Describe the mechanism of urine concentration and dilution (Counter current Multiplier & Exchanger)
PY7.2 Describe the renal regulation of fluid and electrolytes & acid-base balance
PY7.3 Describe the innervations of urinary bladder, physiology of micturition and its abnormalities
PY7.4 Describe cystometry and discuss the normal cystometrogram
PY7.5 Discuss various Renal Function Tests with its physiological significance and clinical implication of Renal clearance
PY7.6 Discuss the role of artificial kidneys, dialysis and indications of renal transplant
PY7.7 Describe the functional anatomy of endocrine glands, mechanism of hormonal action (steroid and peptide) and hypothalamus pituitary axis (HPA)
PY7.8 Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of pituitary gland
PY7.9 Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of thyroid gland including thyroid function tests
PY8.1 Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of adrenal gland and its function tests
PY8.2 Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of parathyroid gland with emphasis of physiology of bone and calcium metabolism
PY8.3 Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of pancreatic gland including pancreatic function tests
PY8.4 Describe the physiology of Thymus & Pineal Gland
PY8.5 Explain sex determination, sex differentiation and their abnormalities and discuss the effects of removal of gonads on physiological functions
PY8.6 Describe and discuss puberty: onset, progression, stages; early and delayed puberty.
PY8.7 Describe the functional anatomy of male reproductive system, functions of testis, spermatogenesis and discuss the functions and regulations of testosterone hormone
PY9.1 Describe the functional anatomy of female reproductive system: functions of ovary and its hormones (estrogen and progesterone); hormonal regulation by hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis
PY9.2 Discuss the menstrual cycle, uterine and ovarian changes, hormonal regulation and its implications in reproductive physiology
PY9.3 Enumerate male and female contraceptive methods, rationale of its prescription, side effects and its advantages & disadvantages
PY9.4 Discuss the physiology of pregnancy, parturition & lactation.
PY9.5 Discuss the physiological basis of various pregnancy tests
PY9.6 Discuss the hormonal changes and their effects during perimenopause and menopause
PY9.7 Discuss the common causes of infertility in a couple and role of IVF in managing a case of infertility
PY9.8 Describe and discuss the functional organization of central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
PY9.9 Describe the functional anatomy of peripheral nervous system (including autonomic nervous system)
PY9.10 Classify the neurotransmitters and discuss the chemical transmission in the nervous system.
PY10.1 Discuss the classification, functions and properties of synapse
PY10.2 Discuss the classification, functions and properties of reflex
PY10.3 Discuss the classification, functions and properties of receptors
PY10.4 Discuss somatic sensations, ascending tracts (sensory tracts) and applied aspects of sensory system
PY10.5 Discuss Physiology of pain including pain pathways and its modulation with special emphasis on gate control theory of pain
PY10.6 Describe the course of descending tracts (pyramidal and extra pyramidal), its clinical implications including difference in Upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions
PY10.7 Discuss types and clinical features of spinal cord lesions (complete, incomplete transection and hemisection - Brown Sequard syndrome)
PY10.8 Describe functional anatomy of cerebellum, its connections, functions and clinical abnormalities.
PY10.9 Discuss functional anatomy of basal ganglia, its connections, functions and clinical abnormalities.
PY10.10 Discuss the mechanism of maintenance of tone, posture and control of body movements
PY10.11 Discuss functional anatomy of thalamus, its connections, functions and clinical abnormalities.
PY10.12 Discuss functional anatomy of hypothalamus and limbic system, its connections, functions and clinical abnormalities.
PY10.13 Discuss functional anatomy of cerebral cortex, its connections, functions and clinical abnormalities
PY10.14 Discuss the structure and functions of reticular activating system, sleep physiology and EEG waveforms during sleep wake cycle
PY10.15 Discuss the physiological basis of memory, learning and speech and clinical alterations in speech
PY10.16 Obtain relevant history and conduct correct General and Clinical examination of the nervous system: Higher functions, sensory system, motor system, reflexes in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
PY10.17 Obtain relevant history and conduct correct General and Clinical examination of the cranial nerves in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
PY10.18 Describe and discuss physiology of smell and its applied aspects
PY10.19 Describe and discuss physiology of taste sensation and applied aspects
PY10.20 Describe and discuss functional anatomy of ear and auditory pathways, vestibular apparatus and equilibrium
PY11.1 Discuss physiology of hearing, pathophysiology of deafness and hearing tests
PY11.2 Discuss functional anatomy of eye, visual pathway, light and pupillary reflex and clinical implication of lesions in visual pathway
PY11.3 Discuss physiology of image formation, refractive errors and physiological principles of its management
PY11.4 Discuss physiology of vision including colour vision and colour blindness
PY11.5 Describe physiological mechanism of temperature regulation
PY11.6 Discuss adaptation to altered temperature (heat and cold) and mechanism of fever, cold injuries and heat stroke
PY11.7 Discuss cardio-respiratory and metabolic adjustments during exercise (isometric and isotonic), effects of physical training under different environmental conditions (heat and cold)
PY12.1 Discuss physiological consequences of sedentary lifestyle; metabolic and endocrinal consequences of obesity & metabolic syndrome.
PY12.2 Describe physiology of Infancy, Interpret growth charts and anthropometric assessment of infants
PY12.3 Describe and discuss physiology of aging, role of free radicals and antioxidants
PY12.4 Discuss the concept, criteria for diagnosis of Brain death and its implications
PY12.5 Discuss the physiology of yoga and meditation
PY12.6 Obtain history and perform general examination in the volunteer / simulated environment
PY12.7 Demonstrate Basic Life Support in a simulated environment
PY12.8 Describe the molecular and functional organization of a cell and its sub-cellular components and composition and functions of Biological membranes.
PY12.9 Explain fundamental concepts of enzyme, isoenzyme and coenzyme. Enumerate the main classes of IUBMB nomenclature.
PY12.10 Describe and explain the basic principles of enzyme activity

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