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MBBS/ Biochemistry/BC13.5

BC13.5

Identify abnormal constituents in urine, interpret the findings and correlate these with pathological states and prepare a urine report.

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Biochemistry79 competencies

BC1.1 Describe and discuss enzyme Inhibition and role of enzymes or drugs as Inhibitors, and enzymes as therapeutic agents.
BC2.1 Describe and discuss the clinical utility of various serum enzymes in laboratory and their use as markers of various pathological conditions.
BC2.2 Interpret laboratory results of enzymes in various disorders.
BC2.3 Discuss and differentiate monosaccharides, di-saccharides and polysaccharides with examples, their importance as energy fuel, structural element, and storage molecule in human body.
BC2.4 Describe the digestion, absorption and transport of carbohydrates from food along with its disorders.
BC2.5 Define and briefly describe the pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and their regulation (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, TCA, and significance of glycogen metabolism and HMP shunt), with associated disorders.
BC3.1 Describe and discuss the regulation, functions and integration of minor Carbohydrate Metabolism pathway briefly along with associated diseases/disorders.
BC3.2 Discuss the mechanism and significance of blood glucose regulation (Glucose homeostasis) in health and disease. Describe the types, Biochemical changes, complications and laboratory investigations related to diabetes & other carbohydrate metabolism disorders.
BC3.3 Interpret the results of analytes associated with metabolism of carbohydrates and other laboratory investigations related to disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
BC3.4 Describe and discuss main classes of lipids and their functions.
BC3.5 Describe the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids and its associated disorders.
BC3.6 Describe and discuss the fatty acid oxidation, metabolism of ketone bodies along with their clinical significance.
BC4.1 Describe metabolism of Triglycerides and cholesterol metabolism along with its regulation and clinical significance.
BC4.2 Describe the metabolism of lipoproteins with brief overview of lipoprotein structure, their interrelations & relations with atherosclerosis.
BC4.3 Discuss Biological role and therapeutic applications of Eicosanoids and their Inhibitors.
BC4.4 Describe Fatty liver, cholelithiasis and obesity.
BC4.5 Interpret laboratory results of analytes associated with metabolism of lipids
BC4.6 Discuss briefly structure of amino acids and classify amino acids on the basis of Nutritional and Metabolic significance.
BC4.7 Discuss classification of proteins, structural organization, functions and clinical aspects.
BC4.8 Describe the digestion and absorption of dietary proteins
BC5.1 Describe plasma proteins and their functions and brief overview of normal and abnormal electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins, acute phase proteins.
BC5.2 Describe the structure, functions and disorders of Immunoglobulins with brief description of cellular and humoral Immunity.
BC5.3 Describe the formation, transport, detoxification of Ammonia, Ammonia toxicity and its clinical significance.
BC5.4 Describe the specialized products formed from the amino acids Glycine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, and Methionine, branched chain amino acids and Arginine and the inborn errors associated with them. Discuss new-born screening.
BC5.5 Describe the structure and functions of haem in the body and describe the processes involved in its metabolism with emphasis on jaundice and describe porphyrin metabolism.
BC5.6 Describe the major types of Hemoglobin and its types, derivatives & variants found in the body and their physiological / pathological relevance
BC5.7 Enumerate the functions and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM).
BC5.8 Discuss the involvement of ECM components in health and disease.
BC5.9 Describe protein targeting & sorting along with its associated disorders.
BC6.1 Describe the integration of various metabolic processes in the body (Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein).
BC6.2 Describe the Biochemical processes involved in generation of energy in cells.
BC6.3 Describe the Biochemical role of vitamins in the body and explain the manifestations of their deficiency
BC7.1 Discuss the importance of various dietary components and explain importance of dietary fibre.
BC7.2 Describe the types and causes of protein energy malnutrition and its effects.
BC8.1 Provide dietary advice for optimal health in childhood and adult in disease conditions like diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and in pregnancy.
BC8.2 Describe the causes (including dietary habits), effects and health risks associated with being overweight/ obese / metabolic syndrome
BC8.3 Summarize the nutritional importance of commonly used items of food including fruits and vegetables (macro-molecules & its importance).
BC8.4 Describe the dietary sources, absorption, transport, and metabolism, Biochemical functions of Iron, Calcium and copper with its associated clinical disorders.
BC8.5 Discuss Magnesium, Zinc and Phosphorus along with its clinical significance and discuss the functions of trace elements
BC8.6 Describe the processes involved in maintenance of normal pH, water & electrolyte balance of body fluids and the derangements associated with them
BC9.1 Describe nucleotides and nucleic acids and their clinical significance.
BC9.2 Describe briefly synthesis of purines in the body with special stress on salvage pathway.
BC9.3 Describe the degradation of purines and its significance with associated disorders.
BC10.1 Describe in brief the major steps involved in Replication, Transcription, and translation.
BC10.2 Describe the types of DNA repair, gene mutations and associated disorders.
BC10.3 Describe basic mechanism of regulation of gene expression
BC10.4 Describe applications of molecular technologies like recombinant DNA technology and PCR in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Briefly discuss microarray, FISH, CRISPR
BC10.5 Describe the function tests of kidney, liver, thyroid and adrenal glands and their clinical significance. Interpret the function tests report.
BC10.6 Enumerate the hormones and markers related to reproduction and reproductive health and their clinical interpretation (For e.g. LH, FSH, Prolactin, beta-HCG, Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone and AMH). Discuss importance of prenatal screening.
BC10.7 Describe the role of xenobiotics in health and disease
BC11.1 Describe the anti-oxidant defense systems in the body.
BC11.2 Describe the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of conditions such as cancer, complications of diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis
BC12.1 Describe oncogenesis, oncogenes & its activation with focus on p53 & apoptosis.
BC12.2 Describe various Biochemical tumor markers and the Biochemical basis of cancer therapy.
BC12.3 Discuss briefly on HIV and Biochemical changes in AIDS.
BC13.1 Discuss metabolism of alcohol with Biochemical changes and effects of chronic alcoholism.
BC13.2 Describe the role of Artificial Intelligence in clinical Biochemistry laboratory practices.
BC13.3 Describe estimation of pH by pH meter or ABG analyser and interpretation of results with paper case scenarios.
BC13.4 Describe the physical properties, chemical constituents of normal urine and abnormal constituents of urine and Perform urine analysis to determine normal and abnormal constituents (including dipsticks method demonstration).
BC13.5 Identify abnormal constituents in urine, interpret the findings and correlate these with pathological states and prepare a urine report.
BC14.2 Describe screening of urine for inborn errors & describe the use of paper chromatography
BC14.3 Describe the principles of Colorimetry & Spectrophotometry.
BC14.4 Perform estimation of glucose by manual / semi-automated analyzer method and demonstrate glucometer usage and interpretation of results with clinical scenarios.
BC14.5 Perform estimation of urea and calculate BUN and interpretation of results in clinical scenarios.
BC14.6 Perform the estimation of serum creatinine and calculate creatinine clearance.
BC14.7 Perform estimation of uric acid in serum and interpretation of results with clinical scenarios.
BC14.8 Perform estimation of serum proteins, albumin and A:G ratio
BC14.9 Perform the estimation of serum total cholesterol
BC14.10 Perform the estimation of serum Bilirubin by manual / semi-automated analyzer method.
BC14.11 Describe estimation of calcium and phosphorus and interpretation of results.
BC14.12 Describe the estimation of Triglycerides, HDL and calculation of LDL and interpretation of results with clinical scenarios.
BC14.13 Describe the estimation of SGOT (AST) / SGPT (ALT) / Alkaline Phosphatase and interpretation of results with clinical scenarios.
BC14.14 Describe briefly various body fluids & discuss the composition of CSF.
BC14.15 Observe use of commonly used equipments/techniques in Biochemistry laboratory including: pH meter, Paper chromatography of amino acid, Protein electrophoresis
BC14.16 Explain the basis and rationale of Biochemical tests done and interpretation of laboratory results in the following conditions: Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, dyslipidaemia, Fatty liver, myocardial infarction, Renal failure, Gout, Nephrotic syndrome, Jaundice, Liver diseases, pancreatitis, disorders of acid-base balance, Thyroid disorders, Genetic disorders, Nutritional disorders, Vitamin deficiency disorders, Disorders of Mineral metabolism, Disorders of electrolyte metabolism.
BC14.17 Describe & Identify Pre-Analytical (especially order of draw, tourniquet technique), Analytical, Post Analytical errors.
BC14.18 Describe Quality control and identify basic L J charts in Clinical biochemistry lab.
BC14.19 Describe performance of OGTT, Glucose Challenge Test and HbA1c and interpretation of results with clinical scenarios.
BC14.20 Calculate energy content of different food Items, identify food items with high and low glycaemic index and explain the importance of these in the diet.

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