Skip to content

Courses

Log in Sign up

MBBS/ Pathology/PA2.4

PA2.4

Describe the mechanisms of cellular aging and apoptosis

Not loading? Open it in a new tab.

Not loading? Open it in a new tab.

Not loading? Open it in a new tab.

Sign up to track progress

Previous Next

Pathology184 competencies

BC14.21 Describe the role of a pathologist in diagnosis and management of disease
BC14.22 Enumerate common definitions and terms used in Pathology and describe the history and evolution of Pathology
BC14.23 Describe proliferation and cell cycle and concept of regenerative medicine along with role of stem cells.
PA1.1 Describe the causes, mechanisms, types and effects of cell injury and their clinical significance
PA1.2 Describe the etiology of cell injury. Distinguish between reversible-irreversible injury: mechanisms; morphology of cell injury
PA1.3 Describe morphological changes in intracellular accumulation of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, pigments
PA2.1 Describe and explain Cell death- types, mechanisms, necrosis, apoptosis (basic as contrasted with necrosis), autolysis
PA2.2 Describe types and pathology of calcifications and gangrene
PA2.3 Describe cellular adaptations: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ
PA2.4 Describe the mechanisms of cellular aging and apoptosis
PA2.5 Define and describe the general features of acute and chronic inflammation including stimuli
PA2.6 Define and describe the general features of acute and chronic inflammation including stimuli, vascular and cellular events
PA2.7 Enumerate and describe the mediators of acute inflammation
PA2.8 Define and describe chronic inflammation including causes, types non-specific and granulomatous and enumerate examples of each
PA3.1 Identify and describe acute and chronic inflammation in gross and microscopic specimens
PA3.2 Define and describe the process of repair and regeneration including wound healing and its types
PA3.3 Define and describe edema, its types, pathogenesis and clinical correlations
PA3.4 Define and describe hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage
PA4.1 Define and describe shock, its pathogenesis and its stages
PA5.1 Define and describe normal haemostasis and the etiopathogenesis and consequences of thrombosis
PA5.2 Define and describe Ischemia/infarction, embolism its types, etiology, morphologic changes and clinical effects
PA5.3 Identify and describe the gross and microscopic features of infarction in a pathologic specimen
PA5.4 Define and classify neoplasia. Describe the characteristics of neoplasia including gross, microscopy, Biological behavior and spread. Differentiate between benign from malignant neoplasms
PA5.5 Describe the molecular basis of cancer, role of genetic and epigenetic alterations with special emphasis on common cancers like breast/ colon
PA5.6 Define and classify the carcinogens and describe the process of different types of carcinogenesis
PA6.1 Describe the effects of tumor on the host including para neoplastic syndrome
PA6.2 Describe laboratory diagnosis of cancer including molecular profiles of tumors, tumors markers and future of cancer diagnostics
PA6.3 Describe immunology and the immune response to cancer with its clinical significance - Immunotherapy
PA6.4 Identify and describe the gross and microscopic features of Benign and malignant neoplasm in a pathologic specimen
PA6.5 Describe the techniques of cytology, staining & diagnostic role of cytology and its application in clinical care
PA6.6 Describe the principles and mechanisms involved in immunity
PA6.7 Describe the mechanism of hypersensitivity reaction
PA7.1 Describe the HLA system and the immune principles involved in transplant and mechanism of transplant rejection
PA8.1 Define autoimmunity. Enumerate autoimmune disorder and describe the pathogenesis of common autoimmune diseases
PA8.2 Define and describe the pathogenesis of systemic Lupus Erythematosus
PA8.3 Define and describe the pathogenesis and pathology of HIV and AIDS
PA8.4 Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of amyloidosis
PA8.5 Identify and describe various forms of amyloidosis with their manifestations and consequences in gross and microscopic specimens
PA8.6 Define and describe the pathogenesis and pathology of malaria
PA9.1 Define and describe the pathogenesis and pathology of cysticercosis
PA9.2 Define and describe the pathogenesis and pathology of leprosy
PA10.1 Define and describe the pathogenesis and pathology of common bacterial, viral, protozoal and helminthic diseases
PA10.2 Define and describe the pathogenesis and pathology and laboratory findings in COVID
PA10.3 Define and describe the pathogenesis and pathology of leprosy
PA10.4 Define and describe the pathogenesis and pathology of common bacterial, viral, protozoal and helminthic diseases
PA10.5 Define and describe the pathogenesis and pathology and laboratory findings in COVID
PA11.1 Describe the pathogenesis and features of common cytogenetic abnormalities and mutations with diagnostic modalities in childhood
PA11.2 Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of tumor and tumor like conditions in infancy and childhood
PA11.3 Describe the pathogenesis of common storage disorders in infancy and childhood
PA12.1 Enumerate and describe the pathogenesis of disorders caused by air pollution, tobacco, alcohol and noise
PA12.2 Describe the pathogenesis of disorders caused by protein calorie malnutrition, vitamins and starvation
PA12.3 Describe the pathogenesis of obesity and its consequences with special emphasis on metabolic syndrome
PA13.1 Describe hematopoiesis and extra medullary hematopoiesis and the role of anticoagulants in hematology
PA13.2 Define and classify anemia. Enumerate and describe the investigation of anemia
PA13.3 Describe collection of specimens and identify coagulants and anticoagulant bulbs, instruments
PA13.4 Perform common haematological tests - Hb, RBC count, WBC count and DLC
PA14.1 Describe iron metabolism and describe the etiology, investigations and differential diagnosis of microcytic hypochromic anemia
PA14.2 Identify and describe the peripheral smear in microcytic Anemia
PA15.1 Describe the metabolism of Vitamin B12 and the etiology and pathogenesis of B12 deficiency and describe laboratory investigations of macrocytic anemia
PA15.2 Enumerate the differences and describe the etiology, laboratory features of megaloblastic anemia and distinguishing features of megaloblastic and non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
PA15.3 Identify and describe the peripheral blood picture of macrocytic Anemia
PA16.1 Define and classify hemolytic anemia and describe the pathogenesis and clinical features and hematologic indices of hemolytic anemia
PA16.2 Describe the pathogenesis, features, hematologic indices and peripheral blood picture of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
PA16.3 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, hematologic indices and peripheral blood picture of Acquired hemolytic anemia and different hemolytic Anemias
PA17.1 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and findings in aplastic Anemia and enumerate the indications and describe the findings in bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
PA18.1 Enumerate and describe the causes of leukocytosis, leucopenia, lymphocytosis and leukemoid reactions
PA18.2 Describe the etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, classification, features, hematologic features of acute and chronic leukemia
PA19.1 Enumerate the causes and describe the differentiating features of lymphadenopathy
PA19.2 Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of tuberculous Lymphadenitis
PA19.3 Describe and discuss the pathogenesis, pathology and the differentiating features of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
PA19.4 Enumerate and differentiate the causes of splenomegaly
PA19.5 Identify and describe the features of tuberculous lymphadenitis in a gross and microscopic specimen
PA19.6 Identify and describe the features of Hodgkin's lymphoma in a gross and microscopic specimen
PA20.1 Describe normal hemostasis. Classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis and pathology of vascular and platelet disorders including ITP and hemophilias
PA20.2 Define and describe disseminated intravascular coagulation, its laboratory findings and diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation and diagnosis of Vitamin K deficiency
PA20.3 Define and describe its laboratory findings and diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma
PA21.1 Classify and describe blood group systems (ABO and RH)
PA21.2 Enumerate blood components and describe their clinical uses
PA21.3 Enumerate and describe infections transmitted by blood transfusion
PA21.4 Describe transfusion reactions and enumerate the steps in the investigation of a transfusion reaction
PA21.5 Enumerate the indications and describe the principles and procedure of autologous transfusion
PA21.6 Describe the correct technique to perform blood grouping. Describe the correct technique to perform a cross match
PA22.1 Describe abnormal urinary findings in disease states and identify and describe common urinary abnormalities in a clinical specimen
PA22.2 Describe abnormal findings in body fluids in various disease states
PA22.3 Describe and interpret the abnormalities in a panel containing semen analysis, thyroid function tests.
PA22.4 Describe and interpret the abnormalities in a panel containing liver function tests
PA22.5 Describe and interpret the abnormalities in a panel containing renal function tests
PA23.1 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and clinical features of oral cancers
PA23.2 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, microbiology, clinical and microscopic features of carcinoma esophagus
PA23.3 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, microbiology, clinical and microscopic features of peptic ulcer disease
PA23.4 Describe the etiology and pathogenesis and pathologic features of carcinoma of the stomach
PA23.5 Describe the etiology and pathogenesis and pathologic features of Tuberculosis of the intestine and appendicitis.
PA23.6 Describe the etiology and pathogenesis and pathologic and distinguishing features of Inflammatory bowel disease
PA23.7 Enumerate causes and describe laboratory diagnosis of malabsorption syndrome
PA23.8 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and distinguishing features of carcinoma of the colon
PA23.9 Describe and identify the microscopic features of peptic ulcer, intestinal ulcers and tumours of GIT
PA24.1 Describe Bilirubin metabolism, enumerate the etiology and pathogenesis of jaundice, distinguish between direct and indirect hyper Bilirubinemia
PA24.2 Describe the pathophysiology and pathologic changes seen in hepatic failure and their clinical manifestations, complications and consequences
PA24.3 Describe the etiology and pathogenesis of viral and toxic hepatitis: distinguish the causes of hepatitis based on the clinical and laboratory features. Describe the pathology, complications and consequences of hepatitis
PA24.4 Describe the pathophysiology, pathology and progression of alcoholic liver disease including cirrhosis
PA24.5 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and complications of portal hypertension
PA24.6 Interpret liver function and viral hepatitis serology panel. Distinguish obstructive from non-obstructive jaundice based on clinical features and liver function tests
PA24.7 Define and describe the etiology, types, pathogenesis, morphology and complications of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
PA24.8 Describe the pathophysiology, pathology and complications of acute cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis
PA24.9 Describe and identify the microscopic features of liver diseases and tumors
PA25.1 Define and describe the etiology, types, pathogenesis, stages, morphology and complications of pneumonia
PA25.2 Describe the etiology, gross and microscopic appearance and complications of lung abscess
PA25.3 Define and describe the etiology, types, pathogenesis, stages, morphology and complications and evaluation of Obstructive airway disease (OAD) and bronchiectasis
PA25.4 Define and describe the etiology, types, pathogenesis, stages, morphology, microscopic appearance and complications of tuberculosis
PA25.5 Define and describe the etiology, types, exposure, environmental influence, pathogenesis, stages, morphology, microscopic appearance and complications of Occupational lung disease
PA25.6 Define and describe the etiology, types, exposure, genetic environmental influence, pathogenesis, stages, morphology, microscopic appearance, metastases and complications of tumors of the lung and pleura including mesothelioma
PA25.7 Identify and describe the features of diseases and tumors of lung in a gross and microscopic specimen
PA26.1 Distinguish arteriosclerosis from atherosclerosis. Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of various causes and types of atherosclerosis
PA26.2 Describe the etiology, dynamics, pathology types and complications of aneurysms including aortic aneurysms
PA26.3 Describe the etiology, types, stages, pathophysiology, pathology and complications of heart failure
PA26.4 Describe the etiology, pathophysiology, pathology, gross features and complications of Congenital heart disease
PA26.5 Describe the etiology, pathophysiology, pathology, gross and microscopic features, criteria and complications of rheumatic fever
PA26.6 Describe the epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, pathophysiology, pathology, presentations, gross and microscopic features, diagnostic tests and complications of ischemic heart disease and interpret abnormalities in cardiac function testing in acute coronary syndromes
PA26.7 Describe the etiology, pathophysiology, pathology, gross and microscopic features, diagnosis and complications of infective endocarditis
PA26.8 Describe the etiology, pathophysiology, pathology, gross and microscopic features, diagnosis and complications of pericarditis and pericardial effusion
PA26.9 Classify and describe the etiology, types, pathophysiology, pathology, gross and microscopic features, diagnosis and complications of cardiomyopathies
PA26.10 Describe the etiology, pathophysiology, pathology features and complications of tumors of cardiovascular system.
PA27.1 Describe the normal histology of the kidney
PA27.2 Define, classify and distinguish the clinical syndromes and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, morphology, clinical and laboratory and urinary findings, complications of renal failure
PA27.3 Define and describe the etiology, precipitating factors, pathogenesis, pathology, laboratory urinary findings, progression and complications of acute renal failure
PA27.4 Define and describe the etiology, precipitating factors, pathogenesis, pathology, laboratory urinary findings, progression and complications of chronic renal failure
PA27.5 Define and classify glomerular diseases. Enumerate and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, mechanisms of glomerular injury, pathology, distinguishing features and clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis
PA27.6 Define and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, laboratory, urinary findings, progression and complications of IgA nephropathy
PA27.7 Enumerate and describe the findings in glomerular manifestations of systemic disease
PA27.8 Enumerate and classify diseases affecting the tubular Interstitium
PA27.9 Define and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, laboratory, urinary findings, progression and complications of acute tubular necrosis
PA27.10 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, laboratory findings, distinguishing features, progression and complications of acute and chronic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy
PA27.11 Define, classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, laboratory, urinary findings, distinguishing features, progression and complications of vascular disease of the kidney
PA27.12 Define, classify and describe the genetics, inheritance, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, laboratory, urinary findings, distinguishing features, progression and complications of cystic disease of the kidney
PA27.13 Define, classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, laboratory, urinary findings, distinguishing features, progression and complications of renal stone disease and obstructive uropathy
PA27.14 Classify and describe the etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, pathology, presenting features, progression and spread of renal tumors
PA27.15 Describe the etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, pathology, presenting features and progression of thrombotic angiopathies
PA27.16 Describe the etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, pathology, presenting features and progression of urothelial tumors
PA27.17 Identify and describe the features of kidney diseases and tumors in a gross and microscopic specimen
PA28.1 Classify testicular tumors and describe the pathogenesis, pathology, presenting and distinguishing features, diagnostic tests, progression and spread of testicular tumors
PA28.2 Describe the pathogenesis, pathology, presenting and distinguishing features, diagnostic tests, progression and spread of carcinoma of the penis
PA28.3 Describe the pathogenesis, pathology, hormonal dependency, presenting and distinguishing features, urologic findings & diagnostic tests of benign prostatic hyperplasia
PA28.4 Describe the pathogenesis, pathology, hormonal dependency, presenting and distinguishing features, diagnostic tests, progression and spread of carcinoma of the prostate
PA28.5 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and progression of prostatitis
PA28.6 Describe and identify the morphologic and microscopic features of diseases and tumors of male genital tract
PA29.2 Describe the pathogenesis, etiology, pathology, diagnosis and progression and spread of carcinoma of the endometrium
PA29.3 Describe the pathogenesis, etiology, pathology, diagnosis and progression and spread of carcinoma of the leiomyoma and leiomyosarcomas
PA29.4 Classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, morphology, clinical course, spread and complications of ovarian tumors
PA29.5 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, morphology, clinical course, spread and complications of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms
PA29.6 Describe the etiology and morphologic features of cervicitis
PA29.7 Describe the etiology, hormonal dependence, features and morphology of endometriosis
PA29.8 Describe the etiology and morphologic features of adenomyosis
PA29.9 Describe the etiology, hormonal dependence and morphology of endometrial hyperplasia
PA29.10 Describe and identify the morphologic and microscopic features of diseases and tumors of female genital tract
PA30.1 Classify and describe the types, etiology, pathogenesis, hormonal dependency of breast pathology and benign disease
PA30.2 Classify and describe the epidemiology, pathogenesis, classification, morphologic and microscopic features, prognostic factors, hormonal dependency, staging and spread of carcinoma of the breast
PA30.3 Describe and identify the morphologic and microscopic features of Phyllodes tumor of the breast
PA30.4 Enumerate and describe the etiology, hormonal dependency and pathogenesis of Gynaecomastia
PA30.5 Describe and identify the morphologic and microscopic features of benign and malignant tumors of the breast
PA31.1 Enumerate, classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and iodine dependency of thyroid swellings
PA31.2 Describe the etiology, cause, iodine dependency, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory and imaging features and course of thyrotoxicosis
PA31.3 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory and imaging features and course of thyrotoxicosis/ hypothyroidism
PA31.4 Classify and describe the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical laboratory features & complications of Thyroid tumors
PA31.5 Classify and describe the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical laboratory features, complications and progression of diabetes mellitus
PA31.6 Describe the etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory and morphologic features of hyperparathyroidism
PA31.7 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory, morphologic features, complications and metastases of pancreatic cancer
PA31.8 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory, morphologic features, complications of adrenal insufficiency
PA31.9 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory, morphologic features, complications of Cushing's syndrome
PA31.10 Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory and morphologic features of adrenal neoplasms
PA32.1 Classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, radiologic and morphologic features and complications of osteomyelitis
PA32.2 Classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, radiologic and morphologic features and complications and metastases of bone tumors
PA32.3 Classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, radiologic and morphologic features and complications and metastases of soft tissue tumors
PA32.4 Classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, radiologic and morphologic features and complications of Paget's disease of the bone
PA32.5 Classify and describe the etiology, immunology, pathogenesis, manifestations, radiologic and laboratory features, diagnostic criteria and complications of rheumatoid arthritis
PA32.6 Classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, radiologic and laboratory features, diagnostic criteria and complications of Osteoarthritis and Gouty arthritis
PA32.7 Describe and identify the morphologic and microscopic features of diseases and tumors of bone
PA33.1 Describe the risk factors, pathogenesis, pathology and natural history of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
PA33.2 Describe the risk factors, pathogenesis, pathology and natural history of basal cell carcinoma of the skin
PA33.3 Describe the distinguishing features between a nevus and melanoma. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, morphology, clinical features and metastases of melanoma
PA33.4 Identify, distinguish and describe common tumors of the skin
PA34.1 Describe the etiology, types and pathogenesis, differentiating factors, CSF findings in meningitis
PA34.2 Classify and describe the etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, pathology, presentation, sequelae and complications of CNS tumors
PA34.3 Identify the etiology of meningitis based on given CSF parameters
PA35.1 Describe the etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, pathology, presentation, sequelae and complications of retinoblastoma

MedLMS

Every NMC competency, one tap away

admin@medlms.com

About Terms Privacy Refund policy Contact

© 2026 MedLMS